Amahera yo ku buhinga ngurukanabumenyi nka « Ethereum , Ripple , Tether », nayabaye rurangiranwa cane bise « Bitcoin » yari mu bintu bigezweho, vyavugwa cane mu myaka ya 2010. Iyo mirwi iremeza gutanga ibiri ukuri no gucungera inyungu z’abanywanyi ikoresheje Ubuhinga bijanye bita « Cryptographie ».
Ubu ushaka kuriha kuri interenete, urashobora gukoresha ikarata y’ubururu, canke ugaca ku rubuga rwabigenewe nka « Paypal ». Murashobora kandi gukoresha ya mahera twavuga yo ku buhinga ngurukanabumenyi. Aradufasha kugura ibidandazwa kurya bisanzwe, uciye ku rubuga rwabigenewe canke mu mangazine isanzwe.
Insiguro kuri ayo mahera yo ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi yuzuye mu dusaho turi kuri izo mbuga.
Indangurakintu « Definition »
Ayo mahera bita « Cryptomonnaies » canke « Cryptodevises » ni amahera ahanahanwa ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi agakoreshwa wifashishije umuhora ngurukanabumenyi usabagiye hirya no hino. Hakoreshwa ubuhinga bita « Cryptographie » bufatanya uwubukoresha hamwe n’indinganizo ijanye nabwo ku bijanye n’irihishwa ryabwo.
Ayo mahera bita « Cryptomonnaies » ni amahera yo ku buhinga ngurukanabumenyi atari mu mpapuro canke mu bingorongoro akora atisunze amategeko yama banki canke yibihugu. Ahanahanwa ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi zisabagiye hirya no hino hisunzwe indinganizo kabanga yitwa « Blockchain » (twari tumaze kuyivugako mu kigabane giheruka), igerageza gushira ku gihe misi yose atacononekaye Kugira ngo ukuri n’inzira bicamwo amahera arishwe vyame bizwi.
Ibiciro birashobora kuganirwako kurya kwayandi mahera asanzwe, ugashobora kugura ibintu ata nkomanzi.
Ayo mahera tuyafata nkayatagaragara kubera tudashobora kuyakorako (ibingorongoro, inoti, udupapuro dutorerako amahera bita chèques, ikarata y’ubururu), ntidushobora kuyakorakora abitse mu dusaho turi ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi zikingiwe n’ibiharuro kabanga vya nyeneyo. Imbuga ahanahanirwako (binance, Coinbase, Bitstamp, …) zirafasha kugura canke kudandaza aya mahera ku mihora ngurukanabumenyi.
Ayo mahera ntasano afitaniye ni banki nkuru kandi nta rugero afise ruzwi ngo uyagereranye n’idorari canke ifaranga ry’aba nyaburaya. Ni amahera araho ata giciro nyakuri kizwi mu bihugu vyo kw’isi. Agaciro kayo ntigafatiye ku giciro c’inzahabu canke ngo gafatire ku yandi mahera yagaciro amenyerewe nta nurwego rwa banki ruhari rujejwe gushinga amategeko ajanye n’ayo mahera.
Nta banki nkuru ijejwe ayo mahera ariko umutekano hamwe n’umuco bikorerwamwo nivyo bihambaye! Ubuhinga bukoreshwa burakingira amahera arihishwa, asuzumwa akongera akandikwa mu bisata rusangi, bitanga umwizero hamwe nukuri bitumwe na bwa buhinga twita « Blockchain ». Ukubaho kw’ayo kugaragara kubera akoreshwa ku rubuga ngurukanabumenyi. Izizwi cane ni nka : Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, EOS , litecoin, n’izindi
Kw’igenekerezo rya 14/6/2021, ivyo dukesha CoinMarketCap, hariho 15617 vy’ayo mahera yo ku buhinga ngurukanabumenyi afise agaciro k’imiliyaridi 2031 y’amahera y’ama nyaburaya.
Kahise
Iciyumviro co gushinga ayo mahera cabonetse ubwa mbere mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1980. Iciyumviro cari ico gushiraho amahera ashobora kurungikwa ataho vyanditswe kandi ata banki biciyemwo.
Mu mwaka wa 1995, umuhinga muri ubwo buhinga w’umu nyamerika yitwa David chaum yarashizeho amahera yo ku buhinga ngurukanabumenyi yise Digicash, ayitwa Bit Gold, bita ko ariyo yabuye umuzo wayitwa « Bitcoin », yabayeho mu mwaka wi 1995 ashizweho na Nick Szabo.
Inyuma y’imyaka nka 10, igenekerezo rya 31/10/2008, niho umuntu atangaje yamenywe ku ritazirano rya « Satoshi Nakamoto » yashira ahabona igitabo cera citwa Bitcoin, « A peer to peer electronic cash system » niho ibiranga « Bitcoin » n’ibiyikomokako vyatangura. Ico gitabo cerekana uko « Bitcoin » ikora.
Satoshi Nakamoto niwe yashizeho amahera ya mbere yo kubuhinga ngurukanabumenyi asabagiye irya nino « Bitcoin », hari kw’igenekerezo rya 3/01/2009. Mu mezi ya mbere akiyashiraho, « Bitcoin » nta gaciro yari ifise ariko kuva muri ndamukiza umwaka wa 2010, agaciro ka « Bitcoin » kangana nama dorari 0.14. Mu ntango za Munyonyo 2010, agaciro kariyongereye gushika ku ma dorari 0.36.
Igenekerezo rya 22/5/2010, umushakashatsi wo muri Floride, Laszla Hanyecz, yarishe « Bitcoin » 10000 mukugura Pizza zibiri vyerekanye ko ikoreshwa ubwa mbere ry’ayo mahera kw’isi. Muri ruhuhuma 2021, agaciro ka « Bitcoin » karaduze gushika ku ma dorari 1.06 imbere yuko rimanuka ivyijana 87. Hagati y’impera za ndamukiza n’intango za rusama, agaciro ka « Bitcoin » kavuye ku ma dorari 0.87 gushika ku ma dorari 8.89.
Kw’igenekerezo rya mbere ruheshi (1/6) yuwo mwaka, agaciro ka « Bitcoin » kikuvye incuro zitatu (3) mu ndwi imwe, aca ashika ku ma dorari 27. Muri nyakanga 2011, agaciro karakorotse gushika ku ma dorari 4.77. Muri gitugutu 2011, ayitwa « Litecoin » yaravuzwe.
Muri nyakanga 2012, ikigo citwa « Bitcoin Foundation » carashinzwe kugira giteze imbere « Bitcoin ». Habaye n’itanguzwa ry’umuhora witwa Ripple umuhora uriko ayandi mahera mashasha bita Ripple . (X RP).
Muri mukakaro 2013, ikigo bita « Mastercoin » yarashizeho ubwa mbere urubuga bita « ICO ». Uwo mwaka nyene, agaciro ka « Bitcoin » karongerekanye imbere yuko gakoroka. Igenekerezo rya 19 Munyonyo 2013 agaciro karashitse ku ma dorari 755 mu nyuma aramanuka gushika ku ma dorari 378. Ariko igenekerezo rya 30 Munyonyo yarasubiriye kuduga gushika ku ma dorari 1163. Iryo genekerezo yabaye intango ry’irindi manuka ry’agaciro gushika ku ma dorari 152 muri nzero 2015.
Agaciro k’iryo faranga karasubiriye kuduga mu mwaka wa 2016 gushika ku ma dorari 998 muri nzero 2017. Muri mukakaro 2017, Bitcoin yavunjwa 2700 vy’ama dorari kw’igenekerezo rya 17 Kigarama 2017, ryarabaye rurangiranwa rirashika ku ma dorari 20000.
Mu mwaka wa 2018, ibihugu bibiri (2) vyarashizeho amafaranga ngurukanabumenyi ya Leta. Izinga rya Marshall na Venezuela.
Salvador cabaye igihugu ca mbere gihinduye « Bitcoin » mu mahera yaco kugira corohereze abanyagihugu bose kwinjira mu bijanye n’ubutunzi. Ku wa gatatu, igenekerezo rya 20 Gitugutu 2021, ku mboneshakure bita France 24 baravuzeko agaciro ka « Bitcoin » kasimbiye ku ma dorari arenga 66000, kadugijwe n’ishirwaho c’ikidandazwa gikoresha ayo mahera aho bita Wall Street. Ya mahera « Cryptomonnaies » yavunjwa musi yi dorari mu myaka 12 iheze, ryaraduze uno musi gushika ku ma dorari 66273 isaha umunani z’umuhingamo kw’isaha mpuzamakungu.
Uko ayo mahera akora
« Cryptomonnaies » yashizweho kugira afashe abayakoresha guhanahana amahera ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi. Akora yifashije urubuga bita « Peer to peer » rukingiwe cane hakoreshejwe uburyo bunyegeje bita « Cryptographe ». Amasoko ya « Cryptomonnaies » ari hirya no hino, bisigura ko ayo mahera adatangwa canke ngo akontororwe n’ibanki nkuru y’igihugu canke na ma Leta.
Kuko amahera menshi yo kuri ubwo buhinga aragoye gukontorora ku bihugu no ku ma banki , rwa rubuga « Blockchain » nirwo twokwita nka banki ikontorora Ayo mahera, igakoreshwa mu kwandika no mwishingura amahera yarishwe mu gitabo kinini ca konte.
Ico gitabo cugururiwe uwo wese akoresha umuhora ngurukanabumenyi. Kirerekana ibigize irihwa ryose ribaye: Uko ayarishwe angana , ibiranga uwarishe, uwuzoyatora hamwe nigikumu kabanga. Ariko amahera yose yo kuri ngurukanabumenyi afise uko akora yisangije.
« Cryptomonnaies » zica ku mihora y’imashini nyabwonko agashobora kugurwa canke akadandazwa ku mbuga ahanahanwako zifise udusaho turimwo Ayo mahera. Kugira ugure ikintu ukoresheje ayo mahera, ubanza kuba ufise ako gasaho Kugira uyabike neza acungerwe. Agasaho kose karafise impfunguruzo rusangi n’urwigenga zikoreshwa mu gutanga canke mu kuronka amahera.
Urupfunguruzo rutanga ni akabanga kazwi n’abakoresha urubuga bose. Urupfunguruzo rwigenga, ruzwi na nyene agasaho rukamufasha kwemeza ivyarishwe.
Mu gihe nyene agasaho ashatse kugurisha ayo mahera ku wundi agakoresha, bisaba ko aba afise agakoresho kabigenewe nka: Coinbase, Zengo, Binance , n’izindi, agaca ayarungika mu gasaho ka nyene kurungikirwa. Ico gikorwa gihera neza mu gihe vyahinyujwe bikongera bigashirwa kuri rwa rubuga rwa « Blockchain » biciye mu kwemeza ibitabwa kugira ubike impapuro warihiyeko canke warihiweko , utegerezwa kuba ufise agakoresho kabigenewe nka : Coinbase, Zengo, Binance, Ledger kukarorero.
“Blockchain” ni nk’igitabo co k’ubuhinga ngurukanabumenyi gikoreshwa mu gutanga , kubika amakuru.Ku ruhande rwa « Cryptomonnaies », Blockchain irabika akahise kuvyarira, irabika kandi nivyagiye birahinduka ku mwanya ku mwanya .
« Blockchain » irandika , ikabika ivyarishwe, ivyatanzwe kuco bita « blocs », ivya vuba bibikwa imbere yibindi.
Ivyarishwe kuri « Blockchain » vyugururiwe bose, aho kubibika uruhande rumwe, biri mu ma miriyoni y’ama mashini nyabwonko. Ibikorwa vyandikwa nk’ibiharuro kuri nyabwonko nyinshi mu mwanya umwe. Bica biheza bikandikwa bigahanwahanwa ku mihora ngurukanabumenyi.
Ivyo bituma Blockchain itsimbatara mu gukorera mu muco, irinda ihindagurika hamwe n’ugukora nabi ibirihwa, bituma yigirwa kure amakosa y’abantu canke afatiye ku buhinga.
Akamaro n’ingaruka mbi vya cryptomonnaies
1.Akamaro
Uwariwe wese arakwegwa kwegwa na « Cryptomonnaies » bitumwe n’imvo zikurikira:
- Kudatangishwa amahera: Ukudatangishwa amahera vyabaye nkurupfunguruzo mw’iterambere rya « Cryptomonnaies » ugereranije n’amahera arihishwa n’ayandi ma banki ayarihishwa na « Cryptomonnaies » ni make kubera ibikorwa canke ibirihwa ata Leta ibikontorora.
- Ukutadugirizwa ibiciro: Iduga ryigiciro ryatumye amahera menshi y’agaciro agatakaza agaciro uko umwanya wagiye urahaca. Ama « Cryptomonnaies » nka yose mu gihe aba atanguye, atangurana umutahe uzwi. Nico gituma bivuye kwiduga ry’ibintu, agaciro karyo karaduga ufatiye uko isoko yifashe, uko umwanya uhera, rikarinda umunywanyi rya duga ry’ibiciro.
- Ukworohereza abantu: Ukwama aya mahera ariho n’uko akoreshwa mu buryo bunyaruka birakwegakwega abantu. Ibirihwa birashobora kurihwa mu mwanya muto cane. Nta mategeko ariho ateba yo kugurura canke gukora ivyo ushaka gukorerako ziroroshe gukoresha kandi no gushikana.
- Ubunyarutsi mu guhinduka bituma haba inyungu Nini : « Cryptomonnaies » irashobora kuvyara inyungu. Ibiciro vy’ayo mahera yo kubuhinga ngurukanabumenyi birashobora kwikuba kabiri (2) ku musi bigatuma inyungu yiyongera. Isoko ryayo riri ku kivi.
- Umutekano: Ubuhinga « Blockchain » Ni Ubuhinga butanga amahera yo ku buhinga ngurukanabumenyi menshi bigatuma bigora guhindura inkuru yigikorwa yamaze gushika muri ubwo buhinga. Atari umuntu abikoze, ukwihenda ni ku rugero ruto, kuko uwo muhora wa mudasobwa wemeza inkuru wahawe n’ububiko bw’inkuru.
2.Ingaruka mbi;
Mu gihe inyungu n’umusaruro vy’ama « Cryptomonnaies » bishobora kuba umurengera, harashobora kuba ingaruka mbi ku rundi ruhande, ni ikibazo c’uburinganire mu bintu.
- Ugukamangana kw’agaciro: Icari kirumara kirashobora guhinduka ingaruka mbi. Ihindagurika ry’ibiciro vya « Cryptomonnaies » bishobora gutuma hadakora amahera menshi. Ibiciro bigahindagurika uko bitari vyitezwe bikagorana uko tuvyakira.
- Ipararangana ry’ubuhinga: Nubwo twavuze ko bikingiwe kuri urwo rubuga rwa « Blockchain », ubusuma bufatiye kwi pararangana ry’ubuhinga n’abagizi ba nabi bwoshoboka.
Bihinduwe mu Kirundi na E.N
