Turi benshi baronka uburenganzira bwo gukoresha uwo muhora kandi tukawumarako umwanya utari muto. Mbega uwo muhora ukora gute neza na neza?
Umuhora ngurukana bumenyi n’iki?
Umuhora ngurukana bumenyi bita Internet benshi bakunda kwita net ni umuhora nkoranabuhanga uri kw’isi yose ufasha abawukoresha bita Internautes kuvugana hagati yabo aho bari hose kw’isi. Umuhora nkoranabuhanga ni umurwi w’imashini nyabwonko zihanahana amakuru nkenerwa mu bisata bitandukanye.
Umuhora ngurukana bumenyi wagejejwe ku bantu benshi n’imbuga nka World wide Web. Uwo muhora n’urwo rubuga akenshi barawitiranya. Muvyukuri urwo rubuga web ni nkagakoresho kamwe muri twinshi k’umuhora ngurukana bumenyi nka kurya k’ubutumwa kuri mudasobwa, guhanahana umuhora w’ubutumwa.
Birakenewe Kandi gutandukanya uwo muhora ngurukana bumenyi uwariwo:
Hariho umuhora bita intranets, Réseaux privés au sein des entreprises, administrations hakaba kandi izo bita extranets, interconnexions d’ intranets zishobora gukoresha umuhora w’izindi.
Amamuko n’akahise k’umuhora ngurukana bumenyi
Amamuko y’uwo muhora ntagaragara neza, n‘icamwa cavuye mu bushakashatsi bwinshi, umugambi, ibikorwa vyagiye birakwirikirana ku myaka itari mike biratinda birashika aho habaho uwo muhora. Izina ry’uwo muhora Internet ryavuye muri INTERCONNECTED NETWORKS aho ni mu rurimi rw’icongereza mu gifaransa: (Réseaux interconnectés) bisigura umuhora uhanahana amakuru. Uwo muhora ngurukana bumenyi wamuka Amerika mu wundi muhora bita Arpanet wabayeho canke watanguye mu mwaka wa 1969.
Uwo muhora w’imihora wakozwe mu mwaka wa 1969 kw’izina rya ARPANET (mu majambo yose mu congereza: Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) ukaba wakozwe n’uruganda bita ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), ni uruganda rwa Reta zunze ubumwe za Amerika cahavuye citwa mu nyuma DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency).
Umuhora Arpanet ni umuhora wa mbere wo kurungika imitekero y’inkuru zitandukanye zikoreshwa mu bisata bitandukanye kikongera kikagira intumbero zibiri: Ubwa mbere guhanahana inkuru hagati y’ama kaminuza be n’igisirikare , ubugira kabiri guteza Imbere ubuhinga bwoguhana amakuru ahimbaguye mu mitekero.
Umuhora ARPANET waciye ucika ishingiro ry’umuhora ngurukana bumenyi mu ntango z’umwaka wa 1980. Uruhande rw’igisoda rwaciye ruja ukwarwo ruca rwitwa Milnet. Uruhande rw’ama kaminuza ruca rufatana n’umuhora NSF Net wa NSF (National Science Foundation) bica vyitwa umuhora ngurukana bumenyi Internet.
Dushimangire cane ku gikorwa ca Ray Tomlinson yabaye uwa mbere mugushiraho amategeko y’umuhora wo guhanahana ubutumwa mu mwaka wa 1972 canke igikorwa ca Tim Berners- Lee mu ntango z’umwaka wa 1990 yashizeho imbuga zo guhanahana amakuru yifashishije Ico bita liens hypertextes, http, web ( www , URL) canke HTML.
Mu myaka 10 iheze haraje izindi mbuga nka Amazon, yahoo, eBay, Netscape, Google, AOL hamwe na Facebook yabayeho muri 2004.
Umuhora Internet ukora gute?
Umuhora Internet ni umuhora wagutse ugizwe n’umihora myinshi isabagiye irya nino kw’isi kandi ihanahana amakuru hagati y’ayo yitwa umuhora w’imihora. Umuhora umwumwe ufise igisata cawo (kaminuza, ibigo bitanga imihora , inzego z’umutekano). Imashini nyabwonko zirafatanijwe hagati yazo, zigahuzwa n’iyo mihora, iyo mihora nayo ikongera igafatwnywa hagati y’ayo, ivyo bigatuma imashini nyabwonko zihana amakuru hagati yazo bitumwe na wa muhora wa Internet.
Imashini nyabwonko zirafatanywa hagati yazo zikongera zigafatanywa na wa muhora wa Internet bifatanijwe n’intsinga, umuyaga canke mu zindi nganda z’imihora zishobora gushikana amakuru nkenerwa ku muvuduko munini. Uburyo bwo guhana inkuru buratandukanye: hariho ubukoresha intsinga nk’ubwitwa Fibre optique, umuhora w’ama terefone, ubwitwa ADSL canke ubudakoresha urutsinga nk’ubwitwa WiMax, ibigendajuru, ubwitwa G1, G2 , G3 , G3+ , G4, G4+ ndetse na G5.
Igice c’umuhora wa Internet gikoreshwa cane n’ico bita World wide Web. Gukoresha urwo rubuga web bikorwa wifashishije udukoresho ngurukana bumenyi nka chrome, Firefox, Safari na internet explorer.
Ubwo buhinga bwo guhanahana amakuru nkenerwa hagati y’imashini nyabwonko burafise amabwirizwa bwisunga, kugira ngo imashini nyabwonko ishirwe muri wa muhora ngurukana bumenyi, imashini itegerezwa kuba ifise inomero iyiranga ituma ishobora kumenyekana ku muhora no guhana amakuru. Iyo nomero bayita IP (pour internet protocol).
Mu guhanahana amakuru hagati yazo, imashini nyabwonko zikoresha imvugo imwe yisunze ya mabwirizwa. N’amategeko ngenderwako yo kubahiriza mu guhanahana amakuru nkenerwa ku muhora.
Umuhora ngurukana bumenyi ukorera mu runani rufatiye ku batanga imihora. Abatanga imihora ngurukana bumenyi ni inganda zifasha kwinjira mu muhora ngurukana bumenyi ni nazo zitanga ya nomero twita IP ituma uhana amakuru n’abandi. Abarongoye amashirahamwe yo guhamagarana hakoreshejwe ama terefone asigaye ari ku rugero rw’abatanga imihora ngurukana bumenyi.
Hari ibikoresho n’inyubakwa vy’ubwoko bwinshi bikenewe kugira ngo umuhora ngurukana bumenyi ukore, ibikurubikuru n’ibi:
Icuma bita Routeurs gifasha mu guhanahana amakuru nkenerwa n’imashini nyabwonko bivanye n’iyo buja. Ako kuma gafise uruhara rwo kugendagendesha inkuru k’umuhora ngurukana bumenyi ushika neza aho wategerezwa kuja.
Icuma bita Commutateur gihuza imashini zisangiye umuhora. Ako kuma gatanga umutekero w’inkuru ku ma mashini yagenewe izo nkuru nk’uko ako kuma kakira n’imitekero y’inkuru ivuye muri izo mashini kagaheza kakazirungika iyo zija.
Imashini bita Serveurs web ni imashini nyabwonko zifise ubushobozi bunini zibika zikongera zigatanga ibizirimwo (imbuga, amasanamu, amareresi) kubazikoresha, hambavu yo kubika udukoresho n’inkuru nyamukuru zo mu bisata ibi canke biriya. Ayo ma serveurs arakora ibindi bikorwa bikomeye kugira ngo umuhora ngurukana bumenyi ukore neza. Izo mashini nyinshi bita Serveurs ziri mu bigo bitanga amakuru yo mu bisata bitandukanye biri irya n’ino kw’isi.
Muri make, imashini nyabwonko zitegerezwa gukoresha imvugo imwe mu guhana amakuru hagati yazo: ya mabwirizwa nka HTTP.
Impampuro zanditseko inkuru ziba zifise agaharuro kabanga muri ya mvugo bita HTML (Hypertexte Marked Language).
Hariho imbuga zifasha mu gusoma izo mvugo za HTML. Ni nk’imbuga zikoreshwa nka Firefox, Edge, Chrome, Safari d’Apple, ….
Abatanga izo mbuga barafasha kugira ushike kuri rwa rubuga ngurukana bumenyi bakongera bagaha abakiriya babo inomero ibaranga twise IP kugira baje ku rubuga ngurukana bumenyi.
E.N
