Vyanditswe na Bernardino SEBAHIRE
Umushakashatsi ISDR/ BUKAVU
Umwaka wa 1997 niho intwaro ya Mobutu yarangira haba huguruwe imiryango y’ivyipfuzo vy’iterambere ku bihugu bibanyi na Kongo. Nimba Reta ya Kongo yari ifise ishaka ryo kuba igihugu rutura muri Kano karere, ugusubira inyuma kwaco vyaciye vyugurura amarembo yabipfuza ubutunzi bwaco bose kuva mu mpera z’ikinjana giheze, biba ibihugu vya kure nk’ubushinwa canke ibihugu vya hafi ya Kongo birajwe ishinga n’ubutunzi bwayo (Colette Braeckman, 2022).
Repubulika iharanira intwaro rusangi ya Kongo : Indyane be n’umutekano muke.
Uko ibintu vyifashe muri Kongo cane cane mu ntara z’ubuseruko ( Kivu yo mu buraruko no mu bumanuko be no muri Ituri) biteye amakenga kuva mu ntango z’umwaka wa 2021. Ibintu bitari bike biragaragaza igicapo c’umwijima : mu gisata ca poritike, amajambo y’umukuru w’igihugu arerekana neza ukuvavanura na Joseph Kabila. Umugambi wo kwegereza ubutegetsi abanyagihugu, wari kuba nk’intambwe ikomeye mu gushiraho inzego zegereye abanyagihugu, usa n’uwaburijwemwo. Mu gisata c’ umutekano, imirwi myinshi yitwaje ibirwanisho y’abanyamahanga naba nyekongo yarigaruriye ibice bitari bike vya Kivu zose na Ituri, ikama iriko iratana mu mitwe n’igisirikare ca Kongo canke ikarwana hagati yayo.
Igisirikare ca Kongo si igisoda cunze ubumwe kandi nta nakarangamutima kakiranga, caciwemwo n’intwaro nyinshi z’abanyonyeziµ, vyatumye kidashobora gukingira igihugu be n’abanyagihugu. Umurwi mpuzamakungu MONUSCO nawo nyene usa n’uwutahawe ubushobozi bukwiye muvy’amategeko ngo ushobore gukingira abanyagihugu. Muri ruheshi 2022, akarere ka Bunagana karigaruriwe n’umurwi witwaje ibirwanisho ushigikiwe n’Urwanda hamwe na Uganda bishobora gutuma aka karere gashobora kuja mu ntambara twokwita intambara ya mbere ya Afrika, iyo ntambara yaratabaguye Kongo kuva 1998 gushika 2003 (vyamenyeshejwe na International Alert, Nyakanga 2021).
Inkwirikizi mbi ziyo ntambara ku mutekano bibonekera mu kuntu aba nyekongo bamana intekera ku mutwe. Kuva mu ntango z’ umwaka wa 1990 na cane cane mu mwaka wa 1994, ihunga ry’abanyekongo ryaraba cane cane abatutsi bo mu ntara ya Kivu y’Uburaruko n’ubumanuko. Mu ntango y’umwaka wa 1980 be no mu ntango z’umwaka wa 1990, bitumwe n’ikumirwa ryakorerwa abatutsi babanyekongo hamwe n’iduga ry’umuhari witwaje ibirwanisho w’abanyarwanda FPR muri Uganda, urwaruka rw’abatutsi rwinshi rwaravuye muri Kivu kugira ruhamvye uwo murwi kugira batembagaze ubutegetsi bw’Urwanda bwa Havyarimana. Aho FPR iburijwemwo, ihonyabwoko mu Rwanda ryaciye ritangura bituma impunzi z’abahutu b’abanyarwanda zababa imiriyoni 2 baciye binjira muri Kongo, muribo harimwo abakoze ihonyabwoko bitwaje ibirwanisho, ivyiyumviro vyo guhonya abatutsi vyaciye bitsimbatara muri Kivu bituma abandi batutsi benshi b’abanyekongo bahungira mu Rwanda.
Mu mwaka wa 1996, iyinjira ry’umuhari witwa AFDL be n’isamburwa ry’ama kambi y’impunzi z’abahutu muri Kivu yari imibano yabatavuga ikinyarwanda bo muri Kivu baciye bava muri Kongo ku bwinshi baja muri Tanzaniya no mu Burundi, bakaronka intererano y’abanyarwanda bahurikiye muri AFDL mugukingira aho bari n’inyungu zabo.
Mu 1998, igihe umuhari witwaje ibirwanisho witwa ihuriro ry’abanyekongo baharanira intwaro rusangi (RDC mu mpfunyapfunyo y’igifaransa ) utanguriye n’ubundi ni imiryango y’abatavuga ikinyarwanda yasubiriye guhunga uwo murwi w’abarwanyi bashigikiwe n’Urwanda. Bitumwe n’ikomera ry’iyindi mihari nka Mayi-Mayi yarwanya umuhari RDC, abatari bake mu miryango ivuga ikinyarwanda nayo yarahunze. Kuva 1998 gushika muri 2003, imirwi y’amoko y’abanyekongo yose yaraciweko n’intambara bituma bahungira mu bihugu bihana urubibe benshi batumbera muri Tanzaniya no mu Burundi cane cane abatavuga ikinyarwanda, abavuga ikinyarwanda benshi batumbera mu Rwanda ni mu Burundi.
Muri Rusama 2004, Aho Bukavu ifatiwe na Laurent Nkunda be na Jules Mutebusi, bose ari 2 bifatanije na RDC, abatutsi ba banyamulenge nibo baciye bahungira mu Burundi kugutinya ko ahandi babihora. Inyuma y’amezi 3, izo mpunzi zo mu Gatumba, hanini zigizwe n ‘abanyamulenge, barishwe n’umurwi witwaje ibirwanisho.
Mu mwaka wa 2009 gushika 2012, abanyagihugu babandanije guhunga intambara hagati y’igisoda ca Reta n’imihari yitwaje ibirwanisho y’abanyekongo n’abanyamahanga. Benshi bahungira mu gihugu hagati n’utundi turere, igitigiri c’abahunga kirashika imiriyoni 2 muri Kivu y’uburaruko n’uburengero muri ico kiringo gusa. Intambara zikomeye zari izo gutuza abarwanyi b’abahutu bamuka mu Rwanda bita FDLR kuva 2009, hamwe n’intambara zihuza igisoda ca Reta n’umuhari CNDP be na M23 mu turere twa Masisi na Rutshuru.
Inyifato imbere y’umuhari CNDP na M23
Raymond Tshibanda Ntunganyamulongo (yahoze ari umushikiranganji w’imigenderanire muri Kongo) yarasinye, ku ruhande rwa Kongo amasezerano yo ku wa 23 Ntwarante 2009 n’umuhari CNDP wa Laurent NKUNDA. Vyinshi muvyo basezeranye n’ibitubahiriza inyungu za Kongo ubwayo, twotanga akarorero k’ingingo ya 1 , 4 , 8 be na 17.
Ingingo ya 1 iha ububasha CNDP kuba umugambwe wa poritike muri Kongo, aho abarwanyi bawo bashobora kwitoza mu matora yose. Ingingo ya 4 iha abanyarwanda uturere tumwe tumwe twa Kongo nka kasha, minembwe na Bungakiri, bagafita uburenganzira bwo kuhashira abarongozi, inzego be n’igiporisi . Ingingo ya 8, ibaha uburenganzira bwo kuhagenzura no gucukura ubutare bwo muri Kongo bafadikanije b’abanyekongo bakagabura ibivuyemwo. Ingingo ya 17 yategeka igihugu ca Kongo gushumbusha abasirikare be n’imiryango y’abasoda b’Urwanda bishwe canke bakomeretse bariko bararwana n’igisoda ca Kongo.
N’ubwo yagize ishavu atewe n’indorerezi z’amashirahamwe ya ONU na UA nk’umukuru w’igihugu ca Nigeria Olesegun Obasanjo, Tshibanda yarashize umukono kuri ayo masezerano. Mukumushimira yaciye aguma ku ntebe yo mu bushikiranganji bw’imigenderanire igihe kirekire. Ntaco bigeze bamugira ku bunyonyezi bw’amatungo ya Reta yagirizwa biciye ku muhungu wiwe be n’umunyabigega wiwe mu nyuma yahavuye yigizwa inyuma y’amaso y’abanyekongo bari bamufitiye ishavu baca bamugira umuserukizi wa Kongo muri ONU ( kalele ka- Bila , 2017).
Gutanga iciyumviro gishasha c’umugambi w’amahoro
Imyaka 20 inyuma y’ishirwako umukono ry’amasezerano y’amahoro ya Sun City, yagerageje kurangiza indyane zari zimaze imyaka 7 muri Kongo, inkoho ntizaretse kwumvikana mu buseruko bwa Kongo. Mu ntara za Kivu y’Ubumanuko n’uburaruko be no muri Ituri, intambara za gisirikare zaragerageje gusambura imirwi irwana. N’ubwo hariho umurwi wa ONU ujejwe kubungabunga amahoro muri Kongo (MONUSCO), ikibazo c’umutekano cagumye kigoye. Impinduka zarategurwa, ariko inzego z’igihugu ntizigere zitaho agateka ka zina muntu w’umu nyekongo.
Uburyo akarere Kongo irimwo kagomba gufasha, kategerezwa kwisunga iterambere ry’imigenderanire ry’ayo hagati ya Kongo n’Urwanda. Inyuma y’ikiringo co kubonana ku nzego zo hejuru hagati ya 2019 na 2021, imigenderanire yivyo bihugu yasubiriye gutosekara inyuma yo gusubira kwibonekeza kwa M23, benshi bavuga ko ushigikiwe na Kigali. Hambavu y’ugutera imbere kw’imigenderanire hagati y’ivyo bisagara 2, hobanza hakanagurwa ubushuti hagati y’amashirahamwe adaharanira inyungu za politike yo muri Kongo be n’Urwanda kugira habe imishikirano n’ukumvikana ku rwego rwaka karere turimwo.
Vyahinduwe mu kirundi na E.N
